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Chelodina, commonly known as snake-necked turtles, forms a diverse and expansive genus of chelid turtles characterized by their long necks and intricate classification history. Once considered separate genera, Macrochelodina and Macrodiremys have now been redefined as subgenera within Chelodina, with the realization that they refer to the same species. Consequently, the term Chelydera is attributed to northern snake-necked turtles.
These ancient chelid turtles are indigenous to Australia, New Guinea, the Indonesian Rote Island, and East Timor. Turtles within this subgenus exhibit medium-sized proportions, featuring oval-shaped carapaces. Uniquely, they belong to the category of side-necked turtles, opting to tuck their heads partially around their bodies' sides when under threat, as opposed to the conventional backward retraction.
Chelydera designates the group often identified as the Chelodina B group or thick-necked snake-neck turtles. This subdivision was elucidated in 2020 by Thomson & Georges (in Shea et al. 2020). A member of the Chelidae family, Chelydera stands as a side-neck turtle showcasing remarkably long necks and elongated, flattened heads. Its diet centers around a specialized approach of striking and gaping to capture fish. These creatures vary from medium to large sizes, with the most sizable, Chelodina (Chelydera) expansa, boasting shell lengths of approximately 45 cm (18 in). The earliest remnants of this group, exemplified by C. (Chelydera) alanrixi, trace back to the Eocene period in Queensland (Lapparent de Broin, F. de, & Molnar, R. E., 2001).
In contrast, Macrochelodina (Wells & Wellington, 1985) stands as a monotypic subgenus within Chelodina, housing the enigmatic Chelodina (Macrochelodina) oblonga originating from Western Australia.
The Australian snake-necked turtle, often referred to as common or eastern long-necked turtles, derives their name from their elongated, slender necks. These semi-aquatic creatures inhabit southeastern Australia, exhibiting a dark gray or brown hue with a yellow underside. Their name aptly reflects their defining feature - a lengthy, narrow neck. Their flattened, oval-shaped carapaces, ranging in shades from light brown to black, are accompanied by dark gray or brown heads, necks, and limbs. The cream or yellow undertones of their undersides provide a striking contrast. Notably, they boast webbed feet and claws, facilitating both movement and survival.
The common snake-necked turtle's name reflects its extended neck, often about half the length of its shell. Although variable among individuals, this adaptation allows them to lunge at food and even doubles as a snorkel when submerged, with their bodies resting on the watercourse's base. Distinctively, these turtles exhibit a side-necked behavior, bending their heads sideways into their shells rather than retracting straight back.
A robust carapace safeguards their back, broad and designed to thwart predators. A subtle groove traces the shell's center, occasionally adorned with hues of brown, black, or yellow. Beneath, the undersurface showcases white or yellow tones adorned with defining black stripes.
Webbed feet grace the turtle's limbs, essential for effective swimming. The front feet boast four claws each, while both the legs and neck exhibit a gray coloration. Measuring approximately 26 cm (10.2 in) in length and weighing 602 g (21.22 oz) on average, these turtles display sexual dimorphism, with males generally smaller than females, featuring longer, thicker tails.
Scientific classification:
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Testudines
Suborder:
Pleurodira
Family:
Chelidae
Subfamily:
Chelodininae
Chelodina,recognized collectively as snake-necked turtles, boasts a taxonomy that aligns with Georges & Thomson's 2010 classification, incorporating insights from van Dijk et al. in 2014 and Shea et al. in 2020.
Synonymous appellations for the Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 genus encompass:
Hydraspis Bell 1828, Chelyodina Agassiz 1846 (nomen novum), and Hesperochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985 (nomen nudum).
In the Chelodina subgenus, the type species is Chelodina longicollis (Shaw, 1794). For the Chelydera subgenus, the type species is Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976. Macrochelodina features Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 as its type species.
Here's a list of some snake-necked turtle species along with their common names, scientific names, and their IUCN Red List statuses:
Subgenus: Chelodina Fitzinger, 1826
1. Cann's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina canni)
2. Gunalen's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina gunaleni)
3. Aramia snake-necked turtle (Chelodina ipudinapi)
4. Eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis)
5. Roti Island snake-necked turtle (Chelodina mccordi)
6. New Guinea snake-necked turtle (Chelodina novaeguineae)
7. Reimann's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina reimanni)
8. Pritchard's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina pritchardi)
9. Steindachner's long-necked turtle (Chelodina steindachneri)
Subgenus: Chelydera Thomson & Georges, 2020
1. Arnhem Land long-necked turtle (Chelodina burrungandjii)
2. Giant snake-necked turtle (Chelodina expansa)
3. Kuchling's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina kuchlingi)
4. Darwin snake-necked turtle (Chelodina kurrichalpongo)
5. Parker's snake-necked turtle (Chelodina parkeri)
6. Northern snake-necked turtle (Chelodina rugosa)
7. Kimberley long neck turtle (Chelodina walloyarrina)
Subgenus: Macrochelodina Wells & Wellington 1985
1. Southwestern snake-necked turtle (Chelodina oblonga)
This taxonomy delineates the intricate classification of snake-necked turtles, encompassing their diverse species and their respective conservation statuses.
Three extinct species have been identified within the Chelodina genus:
1.Chelodina alanrixi de Broin and Molnar, 2001:
This fossilized snake-necked turtle species was described in 2001 based on remains found in Redbank Plains, Queensland, Australia. Belonging to the Chelidae Pleurodira group, this ancient turtle dates back to the Eocene Epoch.
2.Chelodina insculpta de Vis, 1897:
Described in 1897, this extinct species of snake-necked turtle was discovered in Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia. It falls under the Chelidae; Pleurodira category and is dated to the Pliocene to Pleistocene period.
3.Chelodina murrayi Yates, 2013:
This extinct species of snake-necked turtle hails from the Waite Formation in the Alcoota Scientific Reserve, situated north-east of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is suggested that this species belongs to the Chelodina novaeguineae group within the subgenus Chelodina.
Habitat of snake turtle:
Snake-necked turtles are indigenous to southeastern Australia, encompassing a range extending from the Wilton River to the Murray River, and encompassing the entire Murray-Darling Basin. This semi-aquatic species demonstrates versatility by inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial environments. While they can be found in streams and rivers, they often prefer slow-moving waters like swamps or wetlands.
Their daily routine often unfolds at the bottom of water bodies,where they spend most of their time.However, during periods of dry conditions, they may engage in estivation, entering a prolonged state of torpor or dormancy.This entails them burrowing into fallen leaves on the forest floor,awaiting the return of rain.
Their habitat primarily revolves around freshwater ecosystems such as wetlands.They frequent a variety of water sources, including streams, lagoons, swamps, and rivers.In aquatic environments,they tend to stay close to the bottom, occasionally venturing onto land to bask in the sunlight.If confronted with arid conditions, they actively seek out alternative habitats.Some individuals opt for extensive shelter, potentially entering an estivation state until floodwaters resurface.Typically, this behavior occurs under trees within forested habitats,where they can nestle into fallen foliage near shrubs and logs.In their immediate vicinity, common snake-necked turtles often stand as the sole turtle species.
Their habitat spans various regions, including temperate terrestrial freshwater zones.Their presence is felt in terrestrial biomes like forests, while aquatic biomes such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and temporary pools also serve as their abodes.Additionally, these turtles thrive in wetlands like swamps.
Snake-necked turtles exhibit a semi-aquatic lifestyle, dividing their time between water and land. While they may venture into streams and rivers, they exhibit a preference for calm, sluggish waters like those found in swamps or wetlands.
Behavior of Snake turtle:
Snake-necked turtles, scientifically known for their unique behaviors as Chelodina longicollis, demonstrate a captivating array of habits that underline their remarkable adaptability and intriguing social dynamics.These reptiles exhibit behaviors that not only highlight their ability to survive in changing environments but also shed light on their individualistic nature and reliance on external elements for sustenance.
One of the most striking attributes of these turtles is their uncanny adaptation to shifting conditions. When faced with the challenge of drying watercourses, they showcase their resilience by embarking on arduous journeys to discover new habitats. In response to the scarcity of water, they adopt a state of aestivation, skillfully burrowing beneath layers of fallen leaves. Here, they enter into a prolonged period of dormancy, patiently waiting for the life-giving rain to return and revive their surroundings.
While they are known to be solitary creatures, snake-necked turtles exhibit intriguing social dynamics. Despite their solitary tendencies, multiple individuals often coexist in relatively close proximity, creating a unique blend of isolation and camaraderie within their habitat.
In the realm of daylight, these turtles unveil another fascinating behavior: sunbathing. With an innate appreciation for warmth, they venture out of the water to bask in the sun's rays. Logs and shorelines become their preferred lounging spots, where they soak in the energy of the sun, reinvigorating themselves for the challenges that lie ahead.
Habitat variation is yet another facet of their behavior that sets them apart. During breeding seasons, both males and females amplify their movements, spurred by environmental cues like rainfall and moisture levels. Their adaptability shines as they traverse vast distances in pursuit of suitable abodes, embodying a spirit of exploration that underscores their tenacity.
Despite the potential for multiple individuals to share the same wetland, snake-necked turtles maintain a resolute solitary nature. Each turtle charts its own course, moving with independence and embracing the solitude that defines its existence.
A remarkable trait possessed by these reptiles is their capacity for dormancy and estivation. With efficient water storage mechanisms, they exhibit an exceptional ability to endure prolonged periods of inactivity. This adaptation equips them to confront and triumph over environmental fluctuations, reinforcing their role as survivors in an ever-changing world.
Snake-necked turtles exemplify nature's ingenious solutions for thriving amidst adversity.Their ability to adapt, their unique social dynamics, and their dependence on sunlight for vitality all contribute to their intricate tapestry of behaviors. Moreover, their penchant for exploration, combined with their skillful embrace of dormancy, showcases a species that has mastered the art of survival in a world of constant flux.
Breeding Behavior of Snake turtle:
The breeding behavior of the Chelodina longicollis, or common snake-necked turtle, offers a fascinating glimpse into their complex reproductive strategies and remarkable adaptation to their environment.During their rearing season, which spans from September to October, these turtles take part in a scope of ways of behaving that feature their novel way to deal with generation.Both males and females exhibit a polygynandrous mating system, meaning they mate with multiple partners during the breeding season. This prompts increased activity in males, who undertake longer journeys to maximize their mating opportunities. Males employ distinctive courtship behaviors such as head bobbing and cloacal touching as part of their mating rituals. The mating itself occurs in the water, with males mounting females from behind and aligning their plastron over the female's carapace.
Nesting season for common snake-necked turtles occurs during late spring and early summer, specifically from October to December. Females take an active role during this period, venturing out to locate optimal nesting sites. They are known to travel over 500 meters away from the water in search of elevated landscapes like crests or ridges, where they dig nests. These nests can be found in various substrates, ranging from soft sand to hard clay, and have even been observed on gravel roads. To facilitate the digging process, females release cloacal fluid onto the nest site, which softens the ground. They use their hind claws to excavate the nest, occasionally returning to water sources to wet the ground further.
Once the nest is prepared, females lay eggs in clutches of 8 to 24, with an average size of approximately 20 mm wide and 30 mm long. They may lay up to three grasps each year.Interestingly, these eggs undergo a period of embryo estivation during development, with an incubation period of 120 to 150 days. The young turtles hatch in the fall, typically from January to late April.
Mature male common snake-necked turtles attain sexual maturity around 7 to 8 years of age, while females reach maturity later, at 10 to 12 years old. The male-female birth ratio is approximately 1 to 1. It's worth noting that reproductive success tends to be higher in swamp populations compared to those residing in permanent lakes, largely due to decreased competition for resources in wetland habitats.
The breeding behavior of the common snake-necked turtle is a captivating blend of intricate courtship rituals, strategic nesting site selection, and careful nurturing of eggs. Their ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions and employ unique reproductive strategies underscores their resilience in the face of challenges.
Geographic Range:
The common snake-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis) has a distinct geographic range that is limited to its native land of Australia.This species is endemic to Australia and is native to the Australian biogeographic region.Its distribution stretches from the Wilton River in eastern Queensland to the Murray River along the southwestern border of New South Wales. Notably,its habitat covers the entirety of the Murray-Darling Basin.
This turtle displays a form of island endemism, as it is confined solely to its native country and does not occur naturally outside of Australia. Specifically, it inhabits various regions along the east coast, including Queensland,New South Wales,Victoria, and South Australia.The common snake-necked turtle's presence is a testament to Australia's unique and diverse ecosystems.
The common snake-necked turtles face a variety of predators and defensive strategies:
Predators:
Natural threats to these turtles include red foxes, water rats, goannas, Australian ravens, white-breasted sea eagles, and dingos.
Effect of Fox Predation:
High levels of fox predation have an impact on population dynamics, leading to an adult-dominated population due to the fact that foxes primarily target juveniles and eggs.
Defensive Tactics:
In response to threats, common snake-necked turtles employ several defensive tactics. They emit a foul-smelling musk or yellow fluid from their musk glands, acting as a deterrent to potential predators. When sensing danger, they retract their head into their shell and press their shell against the threat. Additionally, they engage in defensive snapping when confronted with danger.
Predators List:
- Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
- Water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster)
- Goannas (Varanus species)
- Australian ravens (Corvus coronoides)
- White-breasted sea eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
- Dingos (Canis lupus dingo)
Their innate ability to withdraw into their shell provides a level of protection when they encounter threats. Emitting a foul odor from their musk glands serves as an additional deterrent. Furthermore, their robust immune system enables them to survive severe injuries, such as shell loss.
Eggs are targeted by the introduced red fox, leading to a notable absence of juvenile common snake-necked turtles in regions with substantial fox populations. The loss of their natural habitat, climate change, and environmental alterations are ongoing concerns. Human activities that convert wetlands into permanent lakes can induce algal blooms, while vehicular strikes also pose a significant threat to their population.
The common snake-necked turtles have evolved various strategies to contend with their predators, including emitting foul odors and retracting into their shell. However, they continue to face challenges from predators, habitat loss, and human activities.
The conservation outlook for the Chelodina longicollis, commonly known as the snake-necked turtle, is relatively positive. As per the IUCN Red List, this species is categorized as of least concern, meaning it is not facing imminent threats to its survival. The turtle's absence from specific evaluations by the IUCN further reflects its stable status.
On the US Federal List and under CITES, the common snake-necked turtle holds no special status, indicating that it is not considered endangered or subject to international trade restrictions. Similarly, on the State of Michigan List, the turtle doesn't receive any unique recognition.
Although potential hazards like habitat changes, climate shifts, and predation of nests by invasive red foxes exist, the species currently benefits from protection through state and federal laws in Australia. Due to its widespread presence across its habitat range, immediate conservation actions are not considered a high priority.
Despite the overall positive conservation assessment, continued monitoring and protection efforts are vital to ensure the snake-necked turtle's safeguarding against potential threats. This ongoing vigilance will contribute to the continued well-being of the species in the long run.
Snake-necked turtles, like all animals, can face various health problems, especially in captivity. Here are some common health issues associated with snake-necked turtles:
1.Obesity:
Captive snake-necked turtles can become obese if their diet is not properly managed. These turtles have a strong appetite and may overeat if given excessive amounts of food. Obesity can lead to reduced fertility and potential kidney and liver damage, affecting their overall health.
2.Injuries:
Turtles, especially when kept together, can be prone to injuries. This might include neck bites, bitten tails, and missing toenails. Their "excitable" behavior can lead to biting at moving objects, causing harm. Adults can also sustain injuries during courtship, mating, or feeding. Temporary isolation is often recommended to allow these wounds to heal.
3.Egg Laying Issues:
In captivity, if suitable nest sites are not provided, snake-necked turtles may lay their eggs in the water. While some eggs can hatch if retrieved within a certain time frame (typically around 12 hours), especially if they are undamaged and haven't drowned, this is not an ideal situation. In certain cases, species like Macrochelodina may lay eggs in damp environments. The northern snake-necked turtle (Chelodina rugosa) has even been observed laying its eggs in mud underwater.
For those keeping snake-necked turtles in captivity, it's crucial to be aware of these potential health problems and provide appropriate care and habitat conditions to prevent or address such issues. Proper diet control, ensuring a safe and suitable environment, and being attentive to their behavior can go a long way in promoting the health and well-being of these unique turtles. Regular veterinary check-ups can also help identify and address any health.
Ecosystems roles:
The Chelodina longicollis,commonly known as the snake-necked turtle, assumes vital roles within its ecosystem, exerting its influence through distinct behaviors and interactions.
Diverse Diet and Ecosystem Balance:
One of the most significant contributions of the common snake-necked turtle lies in its dietary preferences.This aquatic creature exhibits a versatile palate, consuming a wide array of aquatic organisms. Its menu includes aquatic invertebrates, fish, crustaceans, tadpoles, and plankton.This dietary diversity empowers the turtle to serve as a regulator of the populations of these smaller organisms. By preying on various aquatic species, it actively participates in maintaining equilibrium within the aquatic food chain.This role, often underestimated, showcases the delicate interplay of species in preserving the overall balance of the ecosystem.
Predation and Ecological Dynamics:
However,the snake-necked turtle's role extends beyond being a predator; it also occupies a place in the diet of other animals.Non-native predators,notably the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), have emerged as a significant threat to the turtle's existence.This interaction underscores the complex dynamics introduced by invasive species,as the turtle's population faces predation pressure from an unexpected source. The delicate balance between predator and prey is perturbed,leading to potential consequences for both the turtle's population and the ecosystem it inhabits.
Positive Human Interaction:
The relationship between the common snake-necked turtle and humans reveals another layer of significance. Indigenous Australians, acknowledging its importance, have historically engaged in traditional hunting of these turtles for sustenance. This cultural practice carries profound significance, intertwining human heritage with the natural world. By embracing this practice, local communities foster a harmonious coexistence with their environment, embodying a sustainable approach to resource utilization.
Biological Insight and Conservation:
Scientific endeavors have further illuminated the snake-necked turtle's value. Researchers recognize this species as a biological indicator, offering valuable insights into the health and quality of wetland habitats. The presence and well-being of these turtles stand as barometers of wetland ecosystem vitality. Their status reflects broader environmental conditions, making them crucial instruments for conservation efforts. The turtle's condition serves as a diagnostic tool, aiding scientists in assessing the state of wetlands and initiating targeted interventions to preserve these critical habitats.
The Chelodina longicollis, or common snake-necked turtle,dons multifaceted roles that transcend the aquatic realms it inhabits.From its pivotal position in the food chain to its reciprocal interactions with invasive species, from its cultural significance to its role as a biological sentinel, this unassuming creature weaves itself intricately into the intricate tapestry of its ecosystem.Its story resonates as a testament to the intricate relationships that bind the inhabitants of an ecosystem, propelling the constant dance of balance and adaptation.concerns early on.
The Chelodina longicollis,or common snake-necked turtle, exhibits distinct lifespan characteristics that shed light on its longevity and the factors that influence it:
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Average Lifespan Range:
The common snake-necked turtle's average lifespan spans from 31 to 37 years, showcasing a commendable endurance within its ecosystem.
Wild vs. Captive Lifespan Comparison:
Interestingly, both wild and captive individuals of this species manifest comparable lifespans. While the number of captive specimens studied remains limited, the observed lifespans align with those recorded in their natural habitat.
Habitat Impact on Longevity:
The habitat in which these turtles reside significantly shapes their lifespan. During dry periods, they tend to migrate to more permanent water bodies, such as lakes, which can heighten competition for resources. This increased competition may contribute to higher mortality rates. Conversely, wetland habitats provide a more favorable environment, fostering conditions conducive to longevity. Within these settings, resource competition is often reduced, promoting the well-being of the turtle population. It's noteworthy that females tend to thrive better than males in such habitats, possibly due to their larger size and better ability to secure resources.
The common snake-necked turtle's lifespan, spanning from 31 to 37 years, serves as a testament to its remarkable adaptability and endurance. The interplay between habitat conditions, resource availability, and gender showcases the intricate dance of factors that shape the lifespan of this species within its dynamic ecosystem.
Here are some fun facts about Australian snake-necked turtles:
1.Distinctive Name:
The name "Australian snake-necked turtles" is derived from their unique and remarkable feature: their long, narrow necks. This distinctive trait sets them apart and contributes to their intriguing identity.
2.Clever Burrowers:
Australian snake-necked turtles demonstrate their adaptability by burrowing under fallen leaves. This behavior serves as a survival strategy, allowing them to find refuge and protection from the elements.
3.Mastering Dormancy:
When faced with excessively hot or dry conditions, these turtles showcase their ability to estivate, which essentially means they become dormant. By entering this state, they conserve energy and safeguard themselves during challenging environmental conditions.
These fascinating characteristics highlight the remarkable adaptations of Australian snake-necked turtles to their surroundings.
In summary,the Chelodina genus, commonly referred to as snake-necked turtles, presents a captivating and diverse collection of turtles native to Australia and its neighboring regions. These turtles, characterized by their elongated necks, epitomize the ingenuity of nature's designs.Their ability to adapt and survive is exemplified through behaviors like burrowing under leaves for protection and undergoing estivation to endure challenging conditions. Beyond their physical adaptations, snake-necked turtles play a crucial ecological role by maintaining balance in aquatic ecosystems through their consumption of various organisms.
Culturally,these turtles have woven themselves into the tapestry of indigenous communities, being hunted historically for nourishment and embodying a deep-rooted significance.The variation in their lifespans, influenced by habitat and gender, typically spans from 31 to 37 years. Ultimately, the snake-necked turtle serves as a living testament to nature's resilience and adaptability,leaving an enduring impact on both the natural and cultural landscapes it inhabits.
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| Snake-Necked Turtle |
Q1:What is a snake-necked turtle?
A1: A snake-necked turtle, scientifically known as Chelodina, is a fascinating genus of long-necked turtles native to Australia and neighboring regions. They are characterized by their unique, long and narrow necks.
Q2:How do snake-necked turtles protect themselves from predators?
A2: Snake-necked turtles have ingenious defense mechanisms. When threatened, they retreat into their shells, emit a foul-smelling musk, and even employ defensive snapping. These tactics deter potential predators.
Q3:What do snake-necked turtles eat?
A3:Snake-necked turtles have a diverse diet, including aquatic invertebrates, fish,tadpoles, crustaceans,and plankton.They play a crucial role in regulating aquatic ecosystems by controlling populations of these organisms.
Q4:Are snake-necked turtles endangered?
A4:As of now,Chelodina longicollis,the common snake-necked turtle, is not listed on the IUCN Red List and is considered of least concern.However,their populations can face threats due to habitat changes, climate change, and predation by invasive species.
Q5:How long do snake-necked turtles live?
A5: The average lifespan of Chelodina longicollis ranges from 31 to 37 years. Their longevity can be influenced by factors such as habitat conditions and gender, with females generally exhibiting better survival rates.
Q6:Why are snake-necked turtles hunted by indigenous Australians?
A6: Indigenous Australians historically hunt snake-necked turtles for their meat, which holds cultural significance. These turtles have also been studied as biological indicators of wetland habitat quality.
Q7:How do snake-necked turtles cope with dry conditions?
A7: Snake-necked turtles display remarkable adaptability by estivating, or entering a dormant state, during dry or hot periods. They burrow under fallen leaves to conserve energy until more favorable conditions return.
Q8:What role do snake-necked turtles play in their ecosystem?
A8: Snake-necked turtles contribute to ecosystem balance by regulating populations of aquatic invertebrates, fish, and other organisms through their feeding habits. They also serve as prey for various predators, impacting local food chains.
Q9:How do snake-necked turtles behave in captivity?
A9: Captive snake-necked turtles may exhibit obesity due to their enthusiastic eating habits. They can also suffer injuries from their "excitable" nature when raised together. However, these injuries often heal with isolation.
Q10:What is the significance of the snake-necked turtle's long neck?
A10: The name "snake-necked turtle" directly refers to their distinctive feature—a long, narrow neck. This feature aids them in lunging at food and even doubling as a snorkel, showcasing their unique adaptations.
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| Snake-Necked Turtle |
Naturalist, library specialist,
information retrieval specialist,
biodiversity conservation worker.
He obtained Masters degree from
University of Dhaka in information science.
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